Psychoanalyst Sabina Spielrein Biography

Psychoanalyst Sabina Spielrein Biography History and Biographies Print Sabina Spielrein Biography One of the First Female Psychoanalysts By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on May 12, 2018 More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Sabina Spielrein was a Russian doctor and one of the first female psychoanalysts. She is also known as  Carl Jungs patient and student and was rumored to have had a romantic relationship with Jung.  Spielrein was the first woman to write a psychoanalytic dissertation. No ashes, no coal can burn with such glowas a secretive loveof which no one must know.â€" Sabina Spielrein, from her diary, February 22, 1912 Early Life Sabina Spielrein was born in Rostov-on-Don, Russia, on November 7, 1885, into a wealthy Jewish family. Her father, Naphtul Arkadjevitch Spielrein, was a successful businessman and her mother, Emilia (Eva) Marcovna Lujublinskaja, was a dentist. Her maternal grandfather and great-grandfather were rabbis who had arranged Emilias marriage to her Jewish husband. While the household was strict and at times even abusive, her parents placed a heavy emphasis on education and Sabina grew up speaking Russian, German, French, and English. Spielrein, Jung, and Freud In 1904 at the age of 19, she was admitted to the Burghölzli mental hospital in Switzerland, apparently suffering symptoms of what was then known as hysteria. She became a patient of psychoanalyst Carl Jung who described her as voluptuous with a serious, dreamy expression. Spielrein remained at the hospital until 1905. Spielrein was evidently the reason Jung initially reached out to Sigmund Freud. Jung had learned about Freuds techniques and in 1906 he wrote a letter to the famous psychoanalyst to ask for advice about a challenging case involving a young Russian woman. The rest, as they say, is history. Jung and Freud soon became friends and intellectual confidants and Jung frequently corresponded with his colleague about Sabina. Spielrein is the person I wrote you about, Jung wrote to Freud in a letter on June 4, 1909. She was, of course, systematically planning my seduction, which I considered inopportune. Now she is seeking revenge. Lately, she has been spreading a rumor that I shall soon get a divorce from my wife and marry a certain girl student, which has thrown not a few of my colleagues into a flutter... Spielrein served as a recurrent topic of their discussions and likely contributed to the early development of psychoanalysis. In addition to his dialogues with Freud, Jung also wrote case studies focused on Sabina. Relationship With Jung Spielrein became Jungs laboratory assistant and later entered medical school where she studied psychiatry at Jungs suggestion. Today, many believe that Spielrein and Jung also became romantically involved, although the extent of the relationship has been debated. These suggestions are based on the letters exchanged between the two as well as Sabinas own journal entries. Letters between them indicate intense emotional and intellectual involvement. While some suggest that the relationship was purely emotional, historian, and psychoanalyst Peter Loewenberg argues that the affair was sexual and therefore a breach of Jungs professional ethics. According to Loewenberg, the relationship jeopardized [Jungs] position at the Burghölzli and led to...his departure from the University of Zurich. Career and Later Life In 1911, Sabina graduated from medical school and began her own psychoanalytic practice during the relationship with Jung. The relationship had been going on for several years until Jung determined that his involvement with Spielrein was detrimental to his career and ended the affair. Spielrein moved to Vienna, Austria, in 1911 and joined the Vienna Psychoanalytic Association. In 1912, she married a Russian physician named Pavel Scheftel and later had two daughters, Irma Renata in 1912 and Eva in 1924. At some point, Scheftel left her and fathered a child with another woman before returning to his wife along with the daughter from the other relationship. After working in Germany and Switzerland, Spielrein eventually returned to Russia and played a critical role in introducing psychoanalysis there. During the 1930s, Spielreins husband died and her three brothers, Isaak, Emil and Jean, were all killed during Stalins reign of terror. In 1942, Sabina and her two daughters were murdered by a German death squad along with thousands of other citizens of Rostov-on-Don. After her life was cut tragically short, her contributions to psychology were largely forgotten for many years. During the 1970s, her papers and the letters she exchanged with Jung were uncovered and published. Contributions to Psychology Through her relationship with Jung, Sabina Spielrein had a direct effect on the development of psychoanalysis, as well as the growth of Jungs own ideas and techniques. However, it would be wrong to suggest that this was Spielreins only contribution to psychology. She was the first person to introduce the idea of the death instincts, a concept that Freud would later adopt as part of his own theory. In addition to introducing psychoanalysis to Russia, Spielrein also influenced other thinkers of the time including Jean Piaget and Melanie Klein. Spielreins full legacy may not yet be fully realized. While she wrote thirty psychoanalytic papers in French and German, many have not yet been translated. The oblivion into which Spielrein has fallen is remarkable. She was a major figure in the development of the psychoanalytic movementâ€"and a rare woman in that field, suggests Karen Hall of the Jewish Womens Archive. One can only hope that more of her story will be discovered and that more research will focus on the work that Spielrein did personally. She faced many obstacles, both because she was a woman working in a predominantly male profession and because she was Jewish during a period of violent antisemitism. Her tragic death cut short a life of promise. Spielrein in the Arts Sabina has recently become the subject of books, films, and plays, including: A Secret Symmetry: Sabina Spielrein Between Freud and Jung, a 1982 book by Aldo CarotenutoA Most Dangerous Method, a 1993 book by John KerrSabina, a 1998 play by Snoo WilsonIch hieß Sabina Spielrein (My Name was Sabina Spielrein), a documentary made in 2002  The Talking Cure, a play written in 2003 by Christopher HamptonSabina Spielrein: Forgotten Pioneer of Psychoanalysis, a published in 2003 that includes extracts from Sabinas diary and letters exchanged with Jung  A Dangerous Method, a 2011 film starring Keira Knightley as Spielrein

Comparison of Howard Roark and Peter Keating - Literature Essay Samples

The relationship between Roark and Keating dominates the first two parts of The Fountainhead. Rand uses the comparison between Roark and Keating to express two polar opposites. Roark is Rand’s hero, the epitome of everything Rand attributes to be good. He abides by ideals of honesty, integrity and hard work in a world that is wrought with personal and social corruption. Despite situations of joblessness and penury he is always guided by his individual opinion and makes extremely difficult choices with stolid courage. Peter on the other hand represents everything that Rand finds to be hollow or worthless. He is portrayed as a man motivated by the praise and approval of others. With no sense of personal integrity, his only means of self-identification is success, which he achieves primarily through manipulation, sycophancy and hypocrisy. The extreme contrast between these two characters acts as a foundation stone for the beginning of the novel and Rand uses it to develop Roarkâ €™s character as that of an extremely objective and individualistic man guided by the desire to actualize himself through his work. This becomes clear at the very end when Roark is asked by Guy to make the biggest and best building New York might ever see, â€Å"a monument to [his] spirit† and Roark’s biggest ever project.Both Keating and Roark start their journey into the professional world from Stanton Institute of Technology. Peter is the teacher’s pet, a competitive youth, inspired to achieve greatness through the accomplishment of all the social parameters that define it. He graduates top of the class and is offered an extremely lucrative job at the biggest architectural firm in America. At the same time Roark is expelled from school for insubordination and non-conformism. He is understood to be talented however his lack of compliance with traditional architectural techniques makes him appear as a â€Å"disobedient† and â€Å"arrogant† ind ividual. Despite the appearances, internally Peter finds himself to be a little unsure about what he wants for himself. He has problems making decisions about his future and decides to take up a particular job position only when his mother suggests that if he didn’t it would certainly go to his arch rival Shlinker.Roark on the other hand is calm and clear headed despite his expulsion and the uncertain professional future that looms in its light. When Peter asks him for advice he tells him that â€Å"If you want my advice, Peter, youve made a mistake already. By asking me†¦ Never ask people. Not about your work†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This demonstrates a fundamental difference between their approach to interpret life events and the philosophies which continuously guide them through their career paths. At Francon and Heyer, Keating continues to be a conformist. He believes that his success depends completely on his worming as close to Francon as possible. He uses Francon’s e very weakness, be it his dislike for Stengel or his lack of design ideas, to achieve this goal. Keating takes up the role of Francon’s best ally, by conforming to Francon’s professional, social and personal standards completely. His relationship with Francon is fundamentally based on manipulation and connivance. When it comes to designing however Peter finds himself entirely at a loss, unable to put all his achievements and accolades to any real use. Howard Roark goes to study under Henry Cameron, a modernist now considered a have been. Roark’s motivation to work under Henry is not guided by any social opinion. He goes to Henry solely out of respect for his work and with the aim of learning architecture through design which would essentially mean buildings from scratch. At Henry’s, Roark’s days are full of intellectual challenge and physical labor. In contrast with Keating, Roark does not weaken Henry but strengthens him by being an example of cour age and solidity. Howard has a profound impact on Henry too. Henry starts believing in the value of individual work again and at his death bed says to Roark: â€Å"Do you remember the day when I tried to fire you? †¦ Forget what I said then†¦ It was worth it.† indicating that he was wrong in being pessimistic about the world.Where Henry symbolizes individualism and integrity towards work Francon represents moral loss and degradation. Roark never used Henry as Peter uses Francon. On the contrary Roark brings certain stability into Henry’s life while Henry helps him complete his understanding of architectural design.Peter quickly acquires popularity after entering his profession and proceeds to festoon himself and everything representative of him with luxuries that help him identify with the most successful men of his time. At a certain point in the novel Peter ends up blackmailing Heyer to his (Heyer’s) death in an effort to further his own career. It i s an important milestone in Keating’s life. He reaches a point where his desperation to control people grows to a highly immoral capacity. Rand uses this event to establish that his manipulative antics have a serious criminality to them and are not just innocent, helpless attempts at gaining social approval.Roark unlike Keating does not adopt or enforce upon himself any false social practice to gain commissions. He does not patronize clients by attending parties or joining guilds, neither does he compromise on his designs to incorporate irrelevant elements of popular architectural forms in order to impress his clients. He continues to work and think that his very work will help him acquire more challenging assignments.Rand freely used dialogues and speeches to express important aspects of her philosophy. Toohey and Wynand have important career-based relationships with both Roark and Keating. A comparison of their contributions to both Roark’s and Keating’s profe ssional meanderings proves to be a powerful means for analyzing the subject of this discussion. In Toohey, Peter seeks redemption and solace. He wants to blind himself from the Roarks of the world and reassure himself that being imperfect and dishonest is a common practice and thus not wrong. Toohey expresses that the disabled need to be given preference over the able minded and able bodied and that mediocre individuals need to be loved not denigrated. These ideas make Peter feel both better and worse about himself at the same time. Peter started his career with manipulating others and now ends up getting used and manipulated by Toohey till the extent of complete annihilation of Peter’s real self. Although Toohey aggressively campaign’s against Roark and his ideals, Roark unlike Peter is completely unaffected by him. When Toohey successfully destroys Roark’s version of the Stoddard Temple and asks him on a certain occasion about what he thinks of him Roark only says â€Å"But I dont think of you†Guy Wynand offers projects to both Keating and Roark but with different motivation. In giving the Stoneridge project to Keating, Guy performs an act of indifferent derision whereas Roark is offered each project out of respect and friendship. Roark does not have to exchange anything with Wynand for his commission but Peter is encouraged to exchange his wife for the project. Peter decides to end his relationship with Dominque and literally sell her to Wynand only for the purpose of obtaining the Stone Ridge Commission. Peter’s career path is fundamentally different from that of Howard’s since Peter lacks integrity and courage. He evades taking risks and cannot separate his identity from people’s opinions. Thus he is a helpless slave of others’ fancies. Roark has a strong and clear philosophy and he consistently abides by it. His only means to success is honest work and thus he struggles to find a place for himself i n a world averse to change and only emerges as a splendid paradigm shifter by the end of the book. Both Roark and Keating achieve success because they are able to establish themselves as architects of acclaim. However Keating is never able to save himself from the path of moral degradation and personal corruption he chooses for himself by losing himself in a quest for social success. Keating’s struggles and sorrows come from inside his being and he loses miserably because he never listens to his own individual self. On the other hand, Roark’s battle is with the imperfection of the outside world. He does not struggle with himself but with the people around him. His battle is a battle of consistency and patience. He wins because he learns to remain unaffected by others.Rand’s objective in telling the story of Fountainhead lies somewhere in expressing that the only success that is real arises through self actualization and that social parameters of success are u nreal, false and deceptive. Roark understands this and continuously struggles to work in consonance with his objectivist and individualistic ideals. Although Rand refrains from introducing any of Roark’s psychological reactions to the general lack of commissions and various rejections and court cases he is subject to one can observe that Roark somehow remains unaffected by the counterproductively of the world, a lesson also learnt by Dominique at the end. Roark’s success is real because it makes him feel whole and gives meaning to his life. On the other hand Peter’s success is only a faà §ade which hides his inner destruction and moral corruption.

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His belief is that everyoneshould perform that act which will bring about the greatest amount of good over bad for everyone affected in any given situation. Kant’s theory and my personal preference of the two theories focus on the moral duty/obligation and right action no matter what Read MoreDeontology Is An Ethical Theory900 Words   |  4 Pagesreform that defined the message to the question of what it means to be equal and unequal among men and women using the deontology theory as this essay will demonstrate. Deontology is an ethical theory that focus on the will of a person. It is a philosophy about how people ought to act. Deontology is non-consequentialism. People’s action should not play the role in evaluating the act of morality. â€Å"Duties and obligation† are the target to the will of a person. There are two important rules in

Tourism England and Local Facilities Free Essays

In today’s globalized world, people go on holidays every year. They often choose exotic places abroad to fulfill their excitement of traveling and visiting other countries. But should those countries encourage tourism? There are a few advantages and disadvantages on this issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism: England and Local Facilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly, the desire to attract tourists to a certain area often encourages governments to improve local facilities. This leads to the development of the country and, of course, is beneficial for both, citizens and tourists. On the other hand, over-development can lead to ugly, crowded tourist spots and environmental damage. Consequently, the development of the country must be controlled and planned in such a way it does not destroy the natural beauty. Therefore, the development is necessary, but has to be thoroughly planned. Secondly, tourism is claimed to be an important source of income. People from wealthy countries often travel to smaller and more exotic ones, so the economic situation of the weaker country can be boosted. However, a country’s economy may become so dependent on tourism that it is weakened. If, for example, a natural disaster happens, then the tourists may not arrive for a long time. In this case, the country can be helpless without their main income source. Thirdly, tourism allows people to experience new cultures. When tourists visit other countries, local people can see the way they behave, talk, what clothes they wear, what are their customs, and in that way learn more differences. In contrast, the impact of tourism may destroy the local way of life. The new customs brought with tourists may replace the old and unique ones, therefore making local customs mix or even disappear. All in all, there are arguments both, for and against the encouragement of tourism. It is very important for the economy, it allows the locals to experience other cultures, but there’s also a treat of giving up some traditions. Governments may improve local facilities, yet crowded tourist spots can damage the environment. Tourism is a very important field, but needs a lot of careful attention. How to cite Tourism: England and Local Facilities, Papers Tourism England and Local Facilities Free Essays In today’s globalized world, people go on holidays every year. They often choose exotic places abroad to fulfill their excitement of traveling and visiting other countries. But should those countries encourage tourism? There are a few advantages and disadvantages on this issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism: England and Local Facilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly, the desire to attract tourists to a certain area often encourages governments to improve local facilities. This leads to the development of the country and, of course, is beneficial for both, citizens and tourists. On the other hand, over-development can lead to ugly, crowded tourist spots and environmental damage. Consequently, the development of the country must be controlled and planned in such a way it does not destroy the natural beauty. Therefore, the development is necessary, but has to be thoroughly planned. Secondly, tourism is claimed to be an important source of income. People from wealthy countries often travel to smaller and more exotic ones, so the economic situation of the weaker country can be boosted. However, a country’s economy may become so dependent on tourism that it is weakened. If, for example, a natural disaster happens, then the tourists may not arrive for a long time. In this case, the country can be helpless without their main income source. Thirdly, tourism allows people to experience new cultures. When tourists visit other countries, local people can see the way they behave, talk, what clothes they wear, what are their customs, and in that way learn more differences. In contrast, the impact of tourism may destroy the local way of life. The new customs brought with tourists may replace the old and unique ones, therefore making local customs mix or even disappear. All in all, there are arguments both, for and against the encouragement of tourism. It is very important for the economy, it allows the locals to experience other cultures, but there’s also a treat of giving up some traditions. Governments may improve local facilities, yet crowded tourist spots can damage the environment. Tourism is a very important field, but needs a lot of careful attention. How to cite Tourism: England and Local Facilities, Papers