The Common Practice Of Female Genital Mutilation - 1478 Words

In some cultures, the common practice of Female Genital Mutilation in Africa and the Middle East, are causing concerns amongst these young girls. When it comes to a moral relativist, they would say that this process is morally correct, since it is their culture. Yet, others disagree, including myself. This practice can only be justified in terms of their culture, but disregarding that, it becomes an unnecessary practice. Taking all of these matters into consideration, it becomes a battle of who is right and wrong. When it comes to questioning the morality of Female Genital Mutilation, the practice of FGM is culturally correct, according to a moral relativist. I think a moral relativist would stick to their guns, saying it is relevant†¦show more content†¦This would also explain why it doesn’t happen in every single culture because it is relevant to just one or two. In addition, pertaining to the views of a moral relativist, I think it would be hard to decide how one would view criticism against FGM, because not every moral relativist would have the same exact thoughts about the Female Genital Mutilation practice. They could possibly say that it is inappropriate for other people to criticize other cultures, for they have their own set of subjective morals, opposed to those in the FGM culture. However, I think we should question the moral relativist’s reasoning though: just because their culture code is different, it shouldn’t be morally acceptable to inflict unnecessary and forced pain upon young girls. Not to mention, this is proven to have no health benefits. Although a moral relativist would say we could not judge because our moral beliefs are not the basic code or are special enough to criticize the way these people practice FGM. On the other hand, I, personally, do believe that this forced and unnecessary FGM practice is morally wrong. However, objectively speaking, it is not because I have no room to judge another culture’s morals, according to a moral relativist. Female genital mutilation is something that could only be justified morally, in my eyes, in specific situation. Such as if it were a completely sterile, voluntary, and professional practice. Then I

The Twin Paradoxical Acme and Omega Electronics Study Case

The Paradoxical Twins: Acme and Omega Electronics E-mail : rinomichael@yahoo.co.id Introduction: In this case, two similar electronic companies named Acme and Omega, Which situated closely one to another. Both of them are originally formed from the same company, but they grew into completely different companies. Below listed their company details and unique points, right after company’s establishment: Acme: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Company size: 550 employees, with annual sales $10 million The president: John Tyler Retaining the original management and upgrading general manager to president Has a relatively more effective management and bigger net profits Management culture: bureaucracy/ hierarchy culture, it is stated by†¦show more content†¦The unworkable job: an unworkable job means the absence of organizational chart, brings an unclear distribution or task and responsibility. One man has to do several tasks within the same time and reports to several bosses. As a matter effect, some tasks won’t be completed and reported when the time needed. b. Politics: An uncertain organization hierarchy often influences members to reach the highest level of organization hierarchy. Even more, inappropriate behavior might occur to get a higher authority and power. c. Over-regulation: The absence of organizational chart leads to uncertainty for job approval. One project must be approved some of majority member of organization before comes to realization. d. Cultural clashes: Unavailability of organizational chart often leads to unidentified organizational culture. Each member claims their own culture and also bring their previous company culture. 2. Distribution of authority in both company Based on Colquit (2011), elements of organizational structure divided into: a. Work Specialization ï‚ · Acme: individual specialization is used in Acme, where well structured of work flow has been divided into several steps of flow which given to different specific department. ï‚ · Omega: team work is used to bring the best performance, since the tendency is to get everyone involved in finishing one project. Everyone hasShow MoreRelatedParadoxical Twins Acme and Omega Electronics1694 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study on Paradoxical Twins Acme And Omega Electronics By ABC Paradoxical Twins Acme And Omega Electronics Defining the issue After reading the case of the â€Å"Paradoxical Twins Acme and Omega Electronics†, I found Both Acme and Omega produce similar products and offer similar services. Acme president John Tyler is a very tough going individual and he is portrayed to be an autocratic individual because there is one way communication in Acme. The case provides an opportunity to evaluate bothRead MoreParadoxical Twins Acme and Omega Electronics1708 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study on Paradoxical Twins Acme And Omega Electronics By ABC Paradoxical Twins Acme And Omega Electronics Defining the issue After reading the case of the â€Å"Paradoxical Twins Acme and Omega Electronics†, I found Both Acme and Omega produce similar products and offer similar services. Acme president John Tyler is a very tough going individual and he is portrayed to be an autocratic individual because there is one way communication in Acme. The case provides an opportunity to evaluate both AcmeRead More The Paradoxical Twins Essay1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe Paradoxical Twins The Paradoxical Twins case study give an opportunity to evaluate from different angles the organization and structure of a business. Exposure of a complex behavior to different environments, circumstances, personal social relationships, the two companies Acme Omega electronics considered on this case study used to have the same organizational structure, under different management. Since they were sold to different investors, as a consequenceRead MoreCase Studies from Gareth Jone - Ob8052 Words   |  33 PagesCase 14 â€Å"Ramrod† Stockwell Teaching Notes Copyright  © Gareth R. Jones, 1994 Synopsis This case considers conflict and politics in organizational settings. Ramsey â€Å"‘Ramrod† Stockwell, vice  president for Production at Benson Metals, is becoming very uncooperative and difficult. Ramrod is having frequent run-ins with sales, who are exasperated with his uncooperativeness and refusal to supply them with reliable information concerning delivery dates, and production scheduling. MostRead MoreAnalysis of Life Cycle of Ibm4448 Words   |  18 Pagesoccurs in industries that are broadly grouped into six sectors: Financial Services: Banking, Financial Markets, Insurance Public: Education, Government, Healthcare, Life Sciences Industrial: Aerospace, Automotive, Defence, Chemical and Petroleum, Electronics Distribution: Consumer Products, Retail, Travel, Transportation Communications: Telecommunications, Media and Entertainment, Energy and Utilities Small and Medium Business: Mainly companies with less than 1,000 employees 6.2 IBM’s Business

Getting Business With Accounting Software â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Getting Business With Accounting Software? Answer: Introduction It is among the oldest professions that we have since the 14th century, Accounting as a profession has been in operation. A lot of development has since then taken place. Talk of new standards that are coming up, while some rules are being modified to suit the emerging trends in this field. The regulatory bodies such as International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) and the professional organizations have as well had drastic changes from management to structure and general guiding principles to allow them to face emerging trends currently. With such parameters of growth, challenges are inevitable (Heintz Parry, 2007). Over time, however, the most outstanding problem has been the issue of technology which keeps on changing and thus causes new enigmas. Technology in the Accounting Profession From the beginning, bookkeeping was done manually, and the entire accounting cycle activities were done on manually opened journals and ledgers. With the introduction of computers and office work becoming paperless it was necessary to maintain these records in computers (Smith 2002). Simple computer programs such as Spreadsheet and office word was used. There were a lot of advantages that came with this trend, but challenges were as well inevitable. The shifting from manual basis to computer base knocked out accountants who were experienced but too old to learn out of the profession (Lorkard, 2010). Work slows down before learning curve is fully achieved. The inbuilt computer programs were not modified correctly to suit the accounting needs such as balancing of accounts, extraction of trial balance and other financial statements necessary for reporting purposes. Accounting software was thus introduced to satisfy these requirements. The initial installation of this software is great exclusive of training costs. Most small audit firms could not afford it, and such they were knocked out of the practice. The big ones thrived, and survival for the fittest ideology was coming in the industry. Another challenge that has come up with technology is the issue of manipulation. This software is easily tampered with to produce cooked results that do not reflect an accurate and a fair view of the state of affairs. The major issue of Enron is a perfect example of how the books were manipulated to give false results, and thus people make falsely guided investment decisions. Fake subsidiaries accounts were created for non-existing corporations. Another case study is that of Parmalat where auditors colluded with the management to give false reports to the shareholders. (Gibson, 2011) All these were facilitated by manipulation of books and as a result, the corporations collapsed, something that I would say was made possible by the integrated accounting systems. Accounting systems are protected by passwords to keep off unauthorized individuals from accessing them. There is thus a possible threat of hacking into the software and making adjustments that are not supported by the occurrence of transactions. An excellent case study is that of Neiman Marcus where hackers accessed credit and debit information of over 1.1 million customers the breach occurred allowing malicious hackers to steal from the clients and the organization (Melona, 2015). The hack exposed the books of the firm for four months. Other examples are those of Sally Beauty sores and Affinity Gaming casino. Some of the accounting systems are hard to customize and as such are not user-friendly. These systems are made for general accounting work and not specifically for particular firms. Different businesses have various formats of maintaining books to reflect their diverse needs. A non-profit making organization will not have same accounts as a partnership or a company. It is challenging to customize these systems to perfectly suit the needs of the organization. Some firms even engage in different lines of activities, and it could be hard to have each line of operation with its various software to suit the requirements. Conclusion Finally, most of the accounting software requires constant upgrading or update, and this is costly, and in some extreme cases, data may lose. New features are introduced, and accountants may find it hard to adopt the upgraded system. Some of the software also becomes outdated very fast, and this leads to constant additional costs (Carlton, 2013). Technology will remain very important in this profession by making the accounting cycle faster, accurate and easy to retrieve but challenges will always arise from its application. References Carlton, J. (2013). Implementation costs. New York: ASA Report. Gibson, T. . (2011). Using Financial Accounting System. Financial statement Analysis, 2-3. Heintz, J. . (2007). Accounting Software. University of San Diego: San Diego. Malone, S. (2015). Computerization of Small Business Accounting System. Journal of Small BUsiness Management, 12-18. R, L. (2010, November 11th). Inventory software Advantages of using them. Los Angles. Smith, J. (2002). Getting down to business with Accounting Software. The CPA Journal, 56-60.

Mostafa Moawad Essays - Cognitive Science, Psychology, Cognition

Mostafa Moawad Cognitive Processes November 22, 2016 Frank Gengaro Cognition describes how humans acquire, store, transform and use knowledge. Cognition plays a major role in every person's life as it allows us to get new information, have memories , and apply our knowledge. Humans are generally social creatures and need to interact with society in order for survival. In the three movies we watched, The Wildboy, Dr. Strangelove, and The Pawnbroker and the three articles we read Transformation of Man in Society, Reflections, and On Memory and Childhood Amnesia we can see how cognition has an impact human development throughout. There are seven attributes that pertain to cognition which are motivated whether intrinsically or extrinsically, structured, flexibly focused, social, affectively tinged, self-reflective, and layered. Those seven features of cognition highlight human interactions with society bringing out the positive and negative facets of each individual. Solomon Asch in the article Transformation of Man in Society discusses how interactions with society really shape individuals. He explains how our social experiences allow us to perceive things in a certain way. As Solomon Asch writes, "It is individual human beings who have speech, make tools and objects of adornment, observe categories of kinship rules of property, and distinguish between the sacred and the profane" (Asch 118). This explains how social interactions help in the development of humans. We see what Solomon Asch is talking about in the movie The Wild Child. In the movie there's a naked boy that was found running around in the forest people then start hunting him down and send him back to Paris where he is first put in a school for the deaf. Dr. Itard then comes along and realizes that the boy is not deaf so he decides to take custody of the boy and starts educating him . Dr. Itard names the boy Victor and makes him live in his house in the out skirts of Paris. Dr. Itard embarks on a journey where he tries to civilize the wild boy Victor with the help of a housekeeper that he appoints. Victor actually becomes educated and learns the basics of language under Dr. Itard. During the movie however, we can see that Dr. Itard was studying the case of Vi c tor as he was writing everything he noted in a diary. The Wild Child, Victor, can be seen as a metaphor of our life because we can see how if we were humans with no set rules we would be just like animals living in a jungle. The movie also shows how we need to interact with people to in order to keep our lives sane . This bring s back a connection to Solomon Asch's article how he emphasizes that social interactions really impacts a human's life. So in short we are creature s that cannot survive without other human interactions. I believe we did the right thing taking Victor out of his world because we civilized him and made almost just like another any boy in his age. The amazing thing about Victor too is that he showed the capabilities of learning so quickly. This connects to one of the 7 features of human, flexibly focused. Even though there were some obstacles and difficulties in him learning, Victor showed some great adaptability in responding to what he was learning. Dr. Itard seemed very enthusiastic about Victor coming to be a civilized human being and becoming just a normal boy instead of living in the wild. At times though it seemed like Dr. Itard care more about his scientific project rather than the person in front of him as he was ardent for it to be successful. An evidence for that would be the aggressive response towards Victor when he wouldn't respond well to the things he was learning. However, one can argue that sometimes one needs to use force so that the person can learn better. Another feature of cognition that was seen in the movie was how Victor was motivated where intrinsically or e xtrinsically . Victor was motivated intrinsically by going around the forest to look for food in order to survive. In addition Victor was also motivated extrinsically to learn and show

The EU will gain considerably from having Poland as a one of essays

The EU will gain considerably from having Poland as a one of essays Since Poland is a country that has a lot to offer, the EU will benefit from having Poland as a one of its member states. This essay will examine the advantages, which the EU will take of having Poland in the Union, by looking at natural, economic, and social aspects. By looking at these points in detail, it will be easier to form a clear conclusion on this issue. The most important point to consider is that Poland has large recreational areas and many unspoiled places with unique flora and fauna. When Poland joins the EU, these places can be turned into ecological resorts. Obviously, this will be a paradise for tourists who are eager to be closer to nature. The best example of this would be the country of the thousand lakes which is the perfect place for those who love water sports and angling. In addition to this, there are some species of animals that can be only seen in Poland. For example, Poland is the only country where European bison can be seen. What is more, Poland has the biggest population of wolves in Europe. Having said that, not only will Poland be able to become a paradise for Europeans but also for people from all over the world. Another significant idea is the Polish goods market. Since Poland is one of bigger countries in Europe, the EU will gain larger market for its goods. The EU market will be extended, and as a result the EU will have another source of money. What is more, Poland is situated in the heart of Europe. Because of this location Poland can be a kind of bridge between the EU countries and the countries of East Europe. As a result, the flow of goods from the EU countries to East Europe would be much easier. Another valid point is huge scientific potential that is cumulated in Poland. Polish scientists who are people of distinction are extremely dedicated to their work. Therefore, they are known as hard working people who are able to sacrifice a lot to reach their go...

How a Forest Ecosystem is Defined

How a Forest Ecosystem is Defined Forest ecosystems are defined by a salient or common set of characteristics that make the forest ecology of a particular area unique. These very complex sets of forest conditions are studied by forest ecologists who try to isolate and classify the common structural patterns that continually reoccur in a particular forests environment. The perfect forest ecosystem is where simpler biotic communities live in the same approximate space with increasingly more complex biotic communities to each communities benefit. In other words, it is where many individual biotic communities symbiotically live in harmony with other biotic communities in perpetuity for the benefit of all neighboring forest organisms. Foresters have developed a somewhat limited classification based on plant climax types, or, the type of vegetative communities that would develop under idealized stable conditions over the long-term. These classifications are then named for the dominant overstory trees and key indicator plant species that live together in the understory. These classifications are necessary in the everyday practice of forest management. So, timber or cover types have been developed by forest scientists and resource managers from extensive sampling within vegetation zones that have similar elevational, topographic, and soil relationships. These forest/tree types have been neatly and nicely mapped for the largest forested areas in North America. Maps of these type classes are also created for single and multiple forests as part of a forest management plan. Unfortunately, these somewhat rudimentary forest ecosystem classifications do not completely define all flora and fauna biology that determine a true but complex forest ecosystem and certainly not the whole ecosystem itself. Forest Ecology Charles Darwin, famous for his Theory of Evolution, came up with a metaphor he called the tree of life. His Tree of Life imagery illustrates that there is but one common biological nature and origin and that all living species experience and must share space together. His enlightened studies ultimately fathered a new science called Ecology - from the Greek oikos meaning household - and following by necessity comes the study of forest ecology. All ecology deals with the organism and its place to live. Forest ecology is an ecological science dedicated to understanding the complete biotic and abiotic systems within a defined woodland area. A forest ecologist has to deal with basic biology and community population dynamics, species biodiversity, environmental interdependence and how they coexist with human pressures including aesthetic preferences and economic necessity. That person also must be trained to understand the nonliving principles of energy flow, water and gas cycles, weather and topographical influences that effect the biotic community. An Example of a Forest Ecosystem We would love to provide you with a neat description of the perfect forest ecosystem. It would be lovely to find forest ecosystems that are cataloged by similarity and nicely listed by region. Alas, ecosystems are dynamic living things and always subject to things like ecological aging, environmental catastrophe and population dynamics. Its like asking a physicist to seamlessly unify everything from the infinitely small to the infinitely large. The problem with defining a forest ecosystem is the variability of its size with a limited understanding of the systems within systems which are extremely complicated. A forest ecologists job is safe. Defining a forests size in a forest ecosystem that covers several states is completely different than one that occupies just several acres. You can readily see that there could be innumerable systems, depending on the definition of parameters and depth of each study. We may never know all there is to complete the study nor gather all the information necessary to our final satisfaction. We end with this definition of a forest ecosystem developed by the Convention of Biological Diversity: A forest ecosystem can be defined at a range of scales. It is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their abiotic environment interacting as a functional unit, where trees are a key component of the system. Humans, with their cultural, economic and environmental needs are an integral part of many forest ecosystems.

Org Behaviour 3 Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Org Behaviour 3 Leadership - Essay Example This has been done using the assessment and insight into self assessment, introspection and reflection through the personal mission statement for the development of leadership and finally integration and extension through the personal model of leadership. The self assessment emphasises on the self confidence, and the instrumental and end values of an individual. Moreover it also includes analysing his emotional intelligence, his ways of receiving feedback and incorporating changes as per those feedbacks, and the extent of his innovativeness. This is followed by the development of his personal mission statement, personal values, personal goals and also the personal action steps. The personal model of leadership is developed which emphasizes in his abilities, personality, values. Finally, the gaps are determined and presented with regards to espoused and the desired theories of leadership. Main Body Part 1-Awareness and Insight through Self-Assessment- 1.1 Your self-confidence The ques tions assigned in exercise number 2 are aimed at assessing the self confidence level of the respondents. The questions are structured to assess the ability of the responden

SISCO Marketing Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SISCO Marketing Plan - Case Study Example This being the first year of operation in the financial and mortgage industry, SISCO has developed its own customer base, thus cultivating its own niche market. An aggressive marketing will however lead to a growth of its customer base, thus making its presence widely known in Jeddah. SISCO's core business shall be the supply of financial services to both individuals and business owners, who have interests in the mortgage and property development industry. Following a study of the target market, the information acquired will hence help the company to better serve the needs of the customers. The kingdom is witnessing a change in demographics of home development. Previously, individuals build at least 98 percent of the homes, whereas developers only handled the remaining 2 percent. The trend is however rapidly changing owing to a drastic rise in both the building materials, and a corresponding increase in development cost The sector is bound to witness a rapid growth, and which will continue onto the following year. This saw investment into real estate increasing by more than two folds by the end of 2007. This review, which was provided by the Global Investment House, also reported of an annual growth in the sector of 115.9 percent, and which now stands at SAR 100.4 billion. In almost all the segments in this market, demand almost always surpasses supply. While this trend is expected to hold in coming years, real estate prices, as well as rental will more than likely remain buoyant. 9. Market trends: The real estate market in Saudi Arabia has remained buoyant, thanks to the availability of sustainable demand. As long as there is an economic expansion, there will be a resultant creation of investment opportunities in the region. Demand will thus continue picking up, fuelled by an influx of increased rates. In addition, population growth in the kingdom has been forecasted to continue growing annually at a rate of 2.5 percent, to reach 25.66 million at the end of 2009. At the same time, there shall be a decline in the average house hold size from 5.5 to 5.2 persons for the periods 2005-2009. This will in turn lead to a corresponding increase in housing demand, which has been estimated to be at 1 million units by the end of the same period. This translates into an increase of 200,000 units per year on average. Jeddah is also witnessing a growing trend, in which high rise and luxurious apartment are being designed and developed by real estate developers of repute (Parker 2007). 10. Market needs: There is a dire need to supply over 200,000 housing units per year. In order to achieve this, a total of 280 million square meters of land is needed. Further, SAR 500 billion needs to be invested in the sector to be able to construct the 1 million housing units. In order to quench this thirst for housing units, the availability of sufficient financial mechanisms are needed (Parker 2007). 11. SWOT Analysis: This is a description of the company's strengths, weaknesses, threats and

Virtue ethics Essay Example for Free

Virtue ethics Essay Unlike morals, which are deeply held convictions held by an individual in regards to right and wrong behavior, ethics are recognized rules of conduct in regards to a specific action or a particular group of people. In short, ethics come from an external social structure whereas morals come from within – a person’s own perceptions of right and wrong regardless of what society’s rules say. The three primary schools of ethics that can be used in discussing ethical problems and dilemmas are care-based ethics, rule-based ethics, and end-based ethics. In the case of ethical dilemma number 2, if one were to apply care-based ethics, then both of the adult parties in the situation would yield to what would be best for the child. Care-based ethics involves having the ability to put oneself in another’s shoes and see a situation from his or her point of view. The ethical dilemma clearly states that the girl was taken away from her foster parents against her will after her biological parents sobered up and wanted to regain custody. To abide by care-based ethics, the adults would need to let the girl make the decision; everyone would have to consider how the child feels. ; care-based ethics is not determined by law, courts, or duty. Utilitarian ethics looks to solve a dilemma by producing the greatest good for the greatest number. In ethical dilemma number 2, utilitarian ethics would most likely favor the girl living with the foster parents because it would be the case of three people against two. The girl spent her entire life with her foster parents, growing up to love and respect them. In addition, her foster parents more than likely developed mutual feelings for her. Her biological parents have had absolutely no connection to the girl and so by a court ruling in their favor they are setting up a family of strangers. In addition, it is unfair to the foster parents who were probably under the impression that they would raise the girl throughout her entire childhood. Both of the laws applied to ethical dilemma rule in favor of the girl living with the foster parents and not the biological parents. However, care-based ethics does so out of genuine concern for the child’s interest. It doesn’t really consider what the outcome for other parties would be. End-based ethics, though coming to a similar conclusion did so by a different route. All parties in the situation were considered and the pros and cons are weighed out based on what is most fair for those involved. I think that though the schools of ethics can be applied to many real life situations and provide a good springboard for making judgments; I believe that applying formulaic standards to something life like could ultimately be hazardous. Life isn’t a math problem where you can plug and chug a situation into an ethical framework and get only one correct outcome. There are many different factors and feelings that need to be considered when making decisions on real life matters. Aristotle’s idea of virtue factored in the uncertainties of everyday life. To Aristotle, to be virtuous was to practice practical wisdom. In other words, he believed that making ethical decisions was dependent on choosing the right thing at the right time for a situation. I think Aristotle would have agreed with the both of the decisions to let the girl live with the foster parents because it would be the most practical choice to keep a loving family together than to tear it apart by giving the girl back to her biological parents.

Lord Of The Flies: Chapter 9-12 Notes :: essays research papers

1. After Simon is killed, the next paragraph begins, "The clouds open and let the rain down like a waterfall†¦" When the boys kill Simon they not only kill him and spirituality, but what they perceive to be the beast. Because the beast was created by them and embodied all of their evils, one of its interpretations can be as mankind's sin. Simon is very similar to Jesus in this book. The Roman's ruled the world during Jesus' life, and now a similar bloodthirsty society rules the island during Simon's life. Both are killed by such a society, and both sacrifice themselves so that mankind's sin can be forgiven. When Simon dies, the rain washes away not only spirituality, but also the beast and all of the sins that accompany it. Golding writes that the water bounded from the mountaintop. Because the mountain top represented the peak of society, this could be interpreted to state that all of society carries sin, even the glorious moments of it, and that Simon's sacrifice was extended to the boys' entire stay on the island and the sin that was committed during that period of time. This is also similar to Jesus' sacrifice that was for all of mankind's sins, not just the sins of the Roman society that killed him. After Simon has been killed, the figures stagger away. By referring to the boys as figures, they are no longer individuals, but the nameless men who are the vehicle that society uses to carry out its evil deeds. It is no longer of relevance who did what because it was the entire society that killed Simon. This can be related to other societies, such as Nazi Germany. Today Hitler is credited with most of the responsibility for World War II. We do not like to blame German society for it because that would mean that we are also capable of this if we had to endure the circumstances of 1940's Germany. We cannot blame the German race for these problems, as they are a characteristic of humanity. We fought World War II against the forces of racism, but we ourselves treated the Japanese very poorly while all of this was going on. Although we too went through the depression, we did not have the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles against us. When any society has such horrible circumstances, they tend to look for a scapegoat, such as a race of people.

Dog Attack

Antwan Williams Enc 1101 Mon. 6-9:50 Topic Essay Dog Attack My biggest fear is getting attack by a dog. Some dogs are mean and vicious for no reason and see humans as bait and ready to eat them alive. The first dog that comes to mind when I hear a human being was attacked is a pitbull. Pitbulls are known to turn on their owner and will attack anything in their path. Numerous of people have died from injuries due to dog biting. Dogs have very sharp teeth that go deep down in your flesh and cause so much bleeding.I think of dogs as vampires when they suck down into your skin. When walking down the street in my neighborhood and I see a stray dog with no leash, I instantly turn on the next block or walk the other direction. Dog attacks happen sometimes out of fear, most humans fear dogs and that’s what dogs scent. Dogs have the ability to smell fear on anybody and see them as fresh meat. So word of advice when face to face with an ferocious pitbull make sure you show no fear and c almly walk the other direction, if he charge at you make a run to the nearest car.Some dogs even attack because they are afraid and attack out of fear, so sometimes attacks can happen the other way around. Every dog is not vicious, but if you seem harmful to them dogs will attack. Dogs are also protective to their owner. Some dogs are trained to protect their family and yard. So any scent of harmful the dog will do anything to protect its territory. Dogs are not always at fault when hearing about someone getting attacked. Pitbulls are labeled as vicious dogs but that’s the way they are trained to be, â€Å"fighting Dogs†.But on the other hand pitbulls are actually good dogs smart, and friendly, but will turn into natural born killers if they feel they are being harmed. Dogs attack people because they are not properly socialized. Dogs need to be trained to be socialized and learn how to act around humans. That’s why most stray dogs on the streets be the first to attack a human walking down the street, because these dogs have little or no human contact. Anything that gets close to them they feel harmed. I feel that’s the reason why children get attacked, because they are unfamiliar with dogs.Dogs usually attack when their food is being challenged, that will trigger aggression behavior. Dog attacks happen for many reasons. However, there are reasons that can be avoided if you are familiar with a dog’s behavior. If you are unaware of the behaviors there is a chance of being attacked. Any dog can attack unexpectedly; given a certain situation. Most dogs will never hurt anyone, but it can happen and knowing some reasons why dogs typically attack and warning signs of it can save you from being injured, and prevent you from being attacked.

Human Development & Learning/ Personality & Emotional Development Essay

There are different skills that are important and which contribute to positive social development in life. These skills help a person to be able to carry out social roles and responsibilities. Children need to learn all these skills both in school and in their homes so that they are able to handle life situations. Conflict resolution skills are very necessary for children. This is because conflicts are always present both at home and at school. Therefore, they need skills on how they can handle these skills. This helps further in building of healthy social relationships, which are necessary in life. Conflict resolution skills not only helps children to social problems but also conflicts they may be experiencing within them (Baker& Myles, 2003). Caring skills are also crucial to children. It is very important that children should be trained to be caring from the time they are young. This helps them to care and assist each other both in the classroom and in the community. Caring skills also help them to become caring citizens in the future. Teaching children to be caring means that the society has caring members in the future. It acts as a foundation of a community that is able to assist each other during times of needs. It is also important that children should be taught to be responsible. Responsibility is a key skill that children need in order to handle their social roles at home and in school. Being responsible in whatever they do would assist them be able to attain their self-actualization in the future. There are various qualities of a family environment that are necessary for the development of the above skills. A peaceful environment at home is very essential for a child to be able to solve problems. This is because a child will learn how to solve conflicts from home in a non-violent way. A family that is inclusive in its roles make children be able to be responsible in their social roles. This is a situation where children are incorporated when sharing role at home. Being given roles makes them become responsible in their capacities. This also allows them to become managers of their time and in making plans on how to accomplish their roles. They also develop a feeling of belonging in the family. Irresponsibity in the family contributes to under development of social skills in children. If parents do not take their roles well then it means that the children also learn to be irresponsible in their duties as a result of the example they learn from their parents. They develop the feelings of being insecure, as they feel neglected in their families. They grow being irresponsible citizens in future. (Damon & Lerner, 2006). A Classroom, which is inclusive, allows children to be caring and responsible. For example, a classroom whereby children are given various roles to play enhances their responsibility skills (Damon & Lerner, 2006). A classroom where children are engaged in-group work allows them to learn how to work with others and learn how to solve problems, which may arise when working as a group. Therefore, the classroom environment gives them an opportunity to develop these skills. The classroom also helps them to develop friendship and respect for the others. However, a classroom environment that promotes individualistic work may hinder children from attaining various social skills. This is because that kind of classroom will only make children to be locked in their own cocoons without much consideration of their social roles and responsibilities. Children in such a classroom do not develop a feeling of belonging, which is essential for social development. (Baker& Myles, 2003).

How To Write A Good Precis Essays

How To Write A Good Precis Essays How To Write A Good Precis Paper How To Write A Good Precis Paper Nowadays, precis is a common thing in the educational sphere. Students are required to write such work as it shows their level of the understanding and creativity. In other words, the rhetorical prà ©cis is a summary of the original piece that should comprise the main point and problem. An author should be aware of the primary source and submit the information that conveys its plot. Another key thing to know is that you have to follow the rigid to complete this mission successfully. How to write a precis? Pay attention to the information below as we dedicated it to the main points and steps of the precis you have to write. Moreover, you can develop your skills and broaden erudition as we have collected up to date and credible facts. Hope you will enjoy. How to write a precis? Let’s start with the structure and specificity of this task Present the original work Dedicate the first sentence and paragraph to the introduction of the author and title of the work. Also, you have to include the genre and publication date. Such thing will prove readers that they have free access to the original text. Moreover, it will help them get acquaintance with it. To make the beginning more interesting, we highly recommend you to include some facts about the author and his/her contribution to the development of literature. Do not write the wordage and boring biography as it will annoy the readers. It is better to include some interesting information that will attract the target audience. You have to use the verbs that illustrate the author position or action, for instance, assert, argue, prove, disprove, and explains the main idea. Despite the fact that the original work may not contain the thesis and topic sentence, your task is to read the source carefully and do the thesis about the basic author’s claim and point. Describe the way author supports the thesis As a rule, the second or third sentence should illustrate how the author develops the thesis. It is an essential thing as such information helps readers compare your and author position. We highly recommend you to focus attention on the main methods that the author used rather than the direct details. Your task is to convey the main concept of the author’s position in the main content. That is a kind of forbidden thing to restate his/her assumptions. Common knowledge is that audience can read the source by themselves and get acquainted with the author’s position. That is why do not duplicate the information. Try to be creative and present new interpretation of the known material. Be sure that it is far more interesting to read the personal opinion of the writer rather than the borrowed author’s thoughts. This is the smallest part of how to write a precis. Present the aim of the writing The third sentence should convey the primary purpose of the original writing. The main reason for it is that the reader has to be aware of the role and practical implementation of the work. When you write the prà ©cis, your purpose should differ from the thesis as you have to show the author’s motive of the piece. The target audience will also compare whether your aim coincides the original. Use the phrase â€Å"in order to† as it will hint reader which sentence is devoted to the purpose. It will make the precis structure clear and precise. Identify the intended audience The fourth and last sentence aims to show the audience and reveal the author’s relationship. As a rule, the original paper doesn’t include the data of the intended audience. It is your essential task as you have to research and conclude how the author chooses readers. It is easy to identify with the help of language, references, and structure. Use your analytical thinking and make a wise choice. The core of good precis writing Now it is a high time to speak about some steps that will show how to write a precis. Let’s get started and find out some precis essay example. Arm yourself with patience You have to read the original work one more time and realize whether each key idea is understandable for you. If it is crucial make some notes to be aware of each important point of the piece. There are moments that after re-reading the inspiration comes and writer has new ideas. Scan the paper with eyes without reading and try to divide it into several sections, for instance, heading, subheadings, and the main portion of information. Clear up the unknown terms and phrases with the help of the article and encyclopedia. Such method will improve your knowledge and allow to broaden the erudition. After scanning, read the work one more time and decide which of sections you will use in your writing. Highlight the key ideas but do not copy them. Try to create an original paper that is why rephrase the crucial statements, do not copy them. Clarify the details before start progress. Do not be lazy and read the work several times as the information can be unfamiliar to you. There are moments when the students skip this crucial stage and write the facts that don’t coincide the original paper. To avoid such â€Å"disaster† read and learn all that is important for writing. After each time you re-read the paper compare your notes and add some facts that you have missed. At the first glimpse, it seems unreasonable, but we ensure you that it will make your paper professional. Make a summary of each section Now you can summarize your notes and single out the necessary information for each section. Do not make it wordage as it is a type of outline. Each sentence should be logically-built and comprise the supporting evidence and major facts. Do not include minor facts as they can distract your attention. Even if the details are interesting, we invoke you not to submit them. Try not to return to original paper and summarize the writing using your notes. It will help you avoid plagiarism and make the paper rich in your thoughts. Try to tell your professor about the uniqueness of paper. Restate the thesis Rewrite the thesis without changing the main meaning. You have to borrow only the main idea from the author and restate it in your own words. When you determine the author sentence, reflect the purpose as well. Single out which crucial arguments should be highlighted. Start writing your precis. Combine the evidence, arguments, and other key information that should restate the thesis. Do not forget about the title and subheadings as they should start each section. Follow the four-sentence structure and submit precise facts. It will make the paper qualitative and well-structured. Do not forget to state the purpose. Review and proofread This step is crucial as you have to polish your paper and fix all misspellings, punctuation and grammar mistakes. Pay attention to your content as it should convey the main thought and idea of the writing. It is a forbidden thing to lose the original meaning and aim of the paper. Check your language, voice, and tone. They should be similar to authors. Try to check the language used in the paper. Additional pieces of advice about how to write a precis Follow the length requirements. In the most cases, the precis is not wordage piece that consists of 100-200 words. The winning method is to use the four-sentence outline that presents the main information. In case of longer writing, you should find more evidence and facts to make the paper diverse. You need to re-read an original work and find new facts that are essential for the paper. Your task is to expand the paragraphs and topic sentence. Do not forget that the longer structure doesn’t mean adding minor facts. It is a type of challenge where you have to brainstorm more paragraphs. Use the present tense. Do not make the structure of the paper convoluted. Try to be precise that is why we highly recommend you to use present tense throughout all paragraphs. Moreover, try to avoid passive voice and use active. Of course, there is moment when you describe some scientific research or experiment, and it is impossible to rephrase passive voice; do not worry it is a common case. All author’s assumptions, positions, and thoughts should be in the present. Do not write â€Å"He stated,† it is better to use â€Å"He states.† Be sure that you will attract more readers. Avoid quotation It may sound funny, but quotations will mess up your paper. It is better to summarize each sentence and even the direct speech. Everybody will agree that target audience appreciates such things. It is essential to title the work as such thing attracts readers a lot. Leave your own opinions You should know the strict requirements of the paper. In our case, it is precis that is why you cannot evaluate the paper and submit your attitude to the author. You are not the original creator that is why your task is just to except the existed information. It is not your duty to deny or support the claims. In connection with the fact that it is a type of summary, your task is to restate the piece without your feedbacks and testimonials. Hope you understand the main essence of the good prà ©cis. The effectiveness and quality of the paper depend on you. Make the best final result. Do you still hesitate how to write a precis?

The North American and Western Larch

The North American and Western Larch The native range of the Tamarack, or Larix laricina, occupies the coldest regions of Canada and the northern-most forests of central and northeastern United States. This conifer was named tamarack  by native American Algonquians and means wood used for snowshoes but has also been called eastern tamarack, American tamarack, and hackmatack. It  has one of the widest ranges of all North American conifers. Although thought to be a cold-loving  species, tamarack  grows under extremely varied climatic conditions. It can be found in isolated pockets in West Virginia and Maryland and in disjunct areas of interior Alaska and the Yukon. It can easily survive average January cold temperatures from -65 degrees F to warm July temperatures that exceed 70 degrees F. This toleration of climate extremes explains its wide distribution. The extreme cold of northernmost strands will affect its size where it will remain a small tree, attaining a height of about 15 feet. Larix laricina,  in the pine family  Pinaceae,  is a small to medium-size  boreal  conifer that  is uniquely  deciduous where needles annually turn a beautiful yellow color and drop in autumn. The  tree  can grow to 60 feet in height on certain sites with  trunk  growth that can exceed 20 inches in diameter.  Tamarack can tolerate a wide range of soil conditions but grows most commonly, and to its maximum potential, on wet to moist organic soils of  sphagnum and woody peat. Larix laricina is very intolerant of shade but is an early pioneer tree species that invades bare wet organic soils by seeding. The tree typically appears first in swamps, bogs, and muskeg where they start the long process of forest succession.   According to  one U.S Forest Service report, the principal commercial use of tamarack in the United States is for making pulp products, especially the transparent paper in window envelopes. Because of its rot resistance, tamarack is also used for posts, poles, mine timbers, and railroad ties. The key characteristics used for the identification of tamarack: This is the only eastern conifer with deciduous needles arranged in radiating clusters.Needles are growing from blunt spurs in groups of 10 to 20.Cones are small and egg-shaped with no visible  bracts between scales.Foliage turns yellow in autumn. The Western Larch or  Larix occidentalis Western larch or Larix occidentalis is in the pine family Pinaceae  and often called western tamarack. It  is the largest of the larches and most important timber species of the genus Larix. Other common names include  hackmatack, mountain larch, and Montana larch. This conifer, when compared to Larix laricina, has a range that is much reduced to just four U.S. states and one Canadian province- Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia. Like the tamarack, western larch is a deciduous conifer whose needles turn yellow and drop in autumn. Unlike tamarack, western larch is very tall, being the largest of all the larches and reaching heights of over 200 feet on preferred soils. The habitat for  Larix occidentalis  is on mountain slopes and in valleys and can grow  on swampy ground. It is often seen growing with Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine. The tree does not do as well as tamarack when dealing with broad changes in climatic factors as a species. The tree  grows in a relatively moist-cool climatic zone, with low temperature limiting its upper elevational range and deficient moistures its lower extremes- it is basically limited to the Pacific northwest and to the states mentioned. Western larch forests are enjoyed for their multiple resource values including timber production and aesthetic beauty. The seasonal change in hue of larchs delicate foliage from light green in the spring and summer, to gold in the fall, enhances the beauty of these mountain forests. These forests provide the ecological niches needed for a wide variety of birds and animals. Hole-nesting birds comprise about one-fourth of the bird species in these forests. According to a U.S Forest Service report, western larch timber is used extensively for lumber, fine veneer, long-straight utility poles, railroad ties, mine timbers, and pulpwood. It is also valued for its  high water-yielding forest-areas where management can influence water yield through harvest cuttings and young stand culture. The key characteristics used for the identification of western larch: A larch trees color stands out in forests- pale grass green in summer, yellow in the fall.Needles grow from blunt spurs in groups like  L. laricina  but on hairless twigs.Cones are larger than L. laricina  with visible yellowish, pointed bracts between scales.

Security of Digital Signatures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Security of Digital Signatures - Research Paper Example We will discuss the history of cryptography as it was initially the first concept that derived digital signatures and encryption algorithms. Moreover, we will discuss the nature, privacy and implementation of digital signatures. Furthermore, we will discuss new tools, techniques, methods and standards that are used along with the drawbacks associated with digital signatures. Introduction and History Even today, where every technology interrelated to Information technology involves the ‘.com’ phenomenon; Internet is relatively an evolving field, which is constantly changing. Extensive use of computing technology has aid different scale organizations to achieve targets. Every now and then, there is a news of a major security breach resulting in an invasion of personal privacy data such as credit card details, emails and vice versa. In spite of securing the networks, workstations and data centers, with the most updated and advanced security modules, there is still a probabi lity of a new threat to break into the network and void data integrity. In addition, hackers and cyber criminals are exploring efficient codes day by day to advance the hacking tools, in order to breach in to classified information, banks and website customer details, steal emails etc. In the end, the mission critical data are compromised, resulting in severe losses for organizations. In this report we will focus on digital signatures and their importance as well as the history, current state, and challenges that still need to be overcome. The concept for safeguarding messages with cryptography has a brief history, as Julius Caesar is considered to be one of the first cryptographic system inventors (Strauss,). Likewise, the system was utilized for transmitting military messages to generals. However, there is one issue that has prevented cryptography to be used globally and i.e. The problem of key management. In the scope of cryptography, keys are numerical values that are the inputs of algorithms that are used for modifying information to make it encapsulated and secure, and to make it visible only to the people possessing the required key to decrypt the message and make it visible. Accordingly, the key management concept incorporates safeguards keys and protects them from unauthorized use, as they will only be visible to users only when and where they required. Similarly, the origin of digital signatures came over 100 years ago when people started using Morse code along with the telegraph for electronically exchanging contracts. Likewise, a validated version of electronic signatures emerged from the New Hampshire Supreme Court in the year 1869 (The history of electronic signature laws, n.d), as it states: "It makes no difference whether [the telegraph] operator writes the offer or the acceptance in the presence of his principal and by his express direction, with a steel pen an inch long attached to an ordinary pen holder, or whether his pen be a copper wire a thousand miles long. In either case the thought is communicated to the paper by the use of the finger resting upon the pen; nor does it make any difference that in one case common record ink is used, while in the other case a more subtle fluid, known as electricity, performs the same office." However, another invention followed that facilitated electronic signatures to be used in everyday life involved in the digital exchange of data or

Research Planing Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research Planing Proposal - Essay Example To gain competitive advantage, companies need to find the factors that influence buying decision and loyalty of customers, especially in the masstige brand category which is fairly new to commerce, being only half-century or so old (as a recognised category). As the differences between the brands tighten and the differences in the prices gets closer, the customer's perceptions of brand and price, as well as the marketability of a particular masstige product become of increased importance to companies which exist between prestigious and mass-market categories. The rationale is that, if research can better understand the impacts of brand and price on customer purchase habits in relationship to the company marketability, a stronger framework for customer relationships and building customer perceptions towards the masstige products can be built. The ultimate goal of doing so is to promote better marketing procedures for companies in this 'middle class' bracket. Shimp (1999) defined a brand as a label for describing any object of concerted marketing effort. In the context of services marketing therefore, this label can be a name, sign, term, symbol or a design (Krishnan and Hartline, 2001). Brands however can mean different things to different people. These differences largely stem from the way and manner brands can be perceived or understood. A cursory review of the history of brands informs us that customers' perceptions of brands have not been static. It has evolved over the years as understanding of the concept deepened. Clifton (2000) recalled the days when brands were perceived as either bottles of coca cola or cans of Kellogg's and compared it to modern times when the concept can be applied to anything and everybody. Amber (2000) has defined "branding" as an intangible asset built by marketing, and which exists largely in the heads of stakeholders, especially those of the end user. The author further pointed out that if a company got its brand equity right, profits should largely take care of it. The import of this statement can be understood from the components that make the equity of a brand. These are brand awareness and brand image. A brand that people have good knowledge about and can readily recall with favourable associations is an enduring asset to whoever owns it. Furthermore, it would have favourable image and therefore well perceived. Such a brand can be said to have a higher equity or value. It is not too difficult to sell products and services with this brand name tacked on it. Higher volumes of sales at minimal costs transcend into higher profits. From a financial viewpoint, Aaker (1996) defined branding as a set of assets and liabilities linked to a brand, its name and symbol that add to or subtract from the value provided by a service to a firm's customers. He further gave the main

Macro economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Macro economics - Essay Example Inflation that comes with recession is normal but hyperinflation is a nightmare. Hyperinflation occurs when inflation is out-of-hand making a currency lose its value while prices soar at an alarming rate ( Sheffrin, 341). Inflation is actually a normal part of an economic cycle which occurs at certain times in a year, but when inflation is not headed towards equilibrium, hyperinflation happens. Among the world’s worst case of inflation, Hungary stands out due to the phenomenal nose-dive of its currency – the pengo. This happened to Hungary between the last quarter of 1945 towards July 1946. In order to fully understand the magnitude of this hyperinflation, it must be pointed out that a year before the hyperinflation ( 1944 ), the pengo’s highest denomination was only 1,000. A year later, the highest denomination was already a staggering 10,000,000 pengo. It meant that one needs an awful lot of money to purchase an item due to the low value of currency. This instance did not end the cycle , it even got worse when the pengo reached its highest denomination in 1946 – a shocking 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 pengÅ‘. The rate of the pengo was fluctuating faster than the weather as radio announcements were made daily to adjust its rate. Even when the pengo was replaced by the forint ( new currency ) in 1946, still the value of the circulating Hungarian amounted to â€Å" one-thousandth of one US dollar† ( Judt 87). In fact, some pictures from old Hungarian newspapers depict people sweeping the almost useless banknotes. In contemporary times, this can be compared to the hyperinflation that occurred in Zimbabwe; however, the Hungarian incident is more severe as â€Å" the inflation reached a peak of 1.3 x 11016 percent per month (prices double every 15 hours)† according to the rep ort of Zimbabwe Situation in 2008. There are many reasons why hyperinflation occurs in an economy. Among the prevalent factors are economic depression, aftermath

History of the Scientific Revolution

History of the Scientific Revolution What we call today as Modern Science and Technology is in fact not that modern, but was born nearly half a millennium ago at the time of Renaissance in Europe. According to traditional accounts, the scientific revolution began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance Era lasting from 15th century to 18th century. Ancient people who are considered the first scientists called themselves â€Å"natural philosophers† or â€Å"practitioners of a skilled profession† or as â€Å"followers of a religious tradition†. Both institutionally and conceptually, science was not the independent practice what we see today. Much of what we know as science originally was undertaken by priests and monks, and scientific knowledge was taught in temples and monasteries. The scientific revolution was not marked by any single change, but a century long process of discovery in which scientists further elaborated and developed the findings of those who had come before—from the scientific learning of the ancient Greeks to the scholarly contributions of the Islamic thinkers, to the work of the late medieval and early Renaissance Europeans. The Medieval Islamic Science period lasted from 7th century to 15th century, during which the Muslims were the leading scholars and the heirs to the scientific traditions of Greece, India and Persia. The Islamic Science suffered a gradual decline in the early 12th century which provided the Europeans an opportunity to seek and translate the works of Islamic philosophers and scientists. Beginning in the late 11th century and over the next two centuries the Islamic world was under pressure by The Crusades and Mongol conquests, during which libraries, observatories, hospitals, and universities were destroyed. In add ition to Mongolian invasions and the crusades, political mismanagement and the stifling of ijtihad in the 12th century in favor of taqlid thinking played a part. The destruction of the intellectual center of Baghdad the capital of the Abbasaid Caliphate in1258 is traditionally seen as the approximate end of the Islamic Golden Age. The translation of the Islamic texts into Latin during the 12th and 13th centuries had a great impact on the European Renaissance and helped Europe seize the initiative from the Muslims when political conditions in Islam brought about a decline in Islamic science. By the end of the 18th century, the Scientific Revolution had given birth to Industrial Revolution which dramatically transformed the daily lives of people around the world. During the 19th century, the practice of science became professionalized and institutionalized in ways that continued through the 20th century. According to many, scientific revolution was the prelude of a much bigger transformation, the Industrial Revolution which began in 1760’s. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history and a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industry, agriculture, and the invention of steam engine played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw major changes in transportation and banking systems. These changes had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions in England, and then subsequently spreading throughout the world. The first Industrial Revolution which took place from 1760 to somewhere between 1820 and 1840 evolved into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850 and continued through the 19th century. However, the date of origin is still a highly debated topic among historians. While it is difficult to explain all of the examples of how technology has influenced cult ure and vice versa, reviewing a few examples from the last few centuries it is clear that the technology developed during and after the Industrial Revolution has changed cultures from simple farming villages to modern hustling cities and sprawling suburbs. What then is the relationship between Science, Technology and Culture? It is an intricate relationship that forms a figurative circle of influence with no real start or end points. Science, Technology and Culture continue to influence one another as they evolve and change over time. From 19th century onwards science, technology and culture have significantly influenced one another. As cultures change so does the technology they develop. A contemporary writer Raymond Williams, in his book Culture and Society regards the concept of culture as consisting of four jointly applicable meanings: A general state or habit of mind, having close relations with the idea of human perfection; A general state of intellectual development in a society as a whole; The general body of arts; and A whole way of lifematerial, intellectual, and spiritual. Culture is thus the totality of the technological, sociological and ideological features of a given society. Rationality, utility, ethics, freedom, and sociality are the central cultural elements of our societies. Because science and technology rest on these central cultural elements, the adoption of new knowledge and new devices does not always imply their acceptance. We often accept an innovation owing to its evident utility at the individual level, and then criticize it for its consequences at the collective or cultural level. Science and technology can contribute to the preservations and advancement of a culture. At the same time they can also help cause its mutation and destruction. Science has contributed a great deal to human welfare. It has produced miraculous cures for diseases which for a long time, were regarded incurable. It has brought the marvels on industrialism, technology and space exploration. But science has created as many problems as it helped to solve. It has le d to an undue stress on materialism and economic barbarism in the absence of controlling mental and moral ideas. The knowledge and power of science need to be harnessed to the service of man through the culture the finer sense and sensitivity of man. For instance, beginning in the mid 1950’s, the post war years in Western Germany were marked by enormous obstacles. Due to extensive bombing destruction and dismantling of factories, various cultural and traditional supply networks were destroyed. Under this circumstance what role did culture play in the technological development of Western Germany? Stokes had argued that the way Western Germany approached technological change bound economic miracle both German past and to the country’s present day industrial structure. The Western German approach, in other words, has drawn upon a set of German technological traditions that emerged in the large 19th and early 20th centuries, major characteristics of which include a drive for technical excellence tempered by gradual implementation of new technologies. There are two views about culture and Germany’s Technological and Economic Miracle one view advanced by scholars about culture and Germany’s technological and economic miracle is that the experience of skilled workers and the persistence of socio-economic relationships were important factors in permitting an economy to reconstruct itself after a disaster. A second, and a more recent view is that the important cultural factor that was responsible for Germany’s technological and economic miracle was the ability of Western German technologists and industrialists to embrace technological alternatives. What then is the relationship between culture and technology? The culture of a society determines the nature of technological development and the evolving technological culture. Technology is thus a cultural enterprise is thus accepted that technology has had an important influence on Western civilizations for the last 300 years. But partly because of the diverse cultur es found in human societies, the contribution of some cultures to the pool of technological advances has been comparatively modest. However, technology has always been too important to be measured purely in terms of the activities of technologists. Just as history is not made by historians, but by society, so technology is not developed only by technologists but the wider community. Every human society possesses its own distinct culture, so that the members of one society behave differently in some significant respects from members of every other society. Furthermore, human societies are also distributed over very varied regions differing markedly in climate and environment. There are also very large ethnic, social and cultural differences between the various human communities and their economic conditions. In recent years the impact of culture on technology in most traditional societies has tended to bear on two opposing directions at once. On the one hand western technology is being sought virtually without limits on the other hand there is opposition to certain aspects of western lifestyles, attitudes and value. This phenomenon is termed as the techno-cultural gap between traditional values and western technology. Now, if we take these issues into full consideration, we are left to conclude that what is needed at this moment is not just an increase of interna tional technology transfer nor even the setting up of a screening mechanism permitting only appropriate technologies to be transferred, but rather a major at two levels: the domestic and the international. At the domestic level, it is important to build a popular technological awareness crossing the borderline between the so-called indigenous and modern technology people should become aware of the issues in culture and technology and they can improve their livelihood by modifying and improving indigenous and modern technologies. At the international level, the re-orientation and restructuring of science and technology must touch on two areas: On the study of science and technology in schools, scientists, technologists and science educationists of different cultures, languages and social systems must build new paradigms for science and technology education from a multicultural perspective. Science and technology must be seen as existing in all cultures, the issues must be taught and the potentials of these must be explored in situations of everyday life. An acceptance of the restructuring of RD systems could permit the developing and the industrialized countries to engage in a dialogue on alternative RD, assessment of technology for development, concrete measures to redirect government RD from technocratic to need-oriented technology development, etc and joint RD for alternative technologies. In the west, the pervasiveness of technologies like televisions, telephones, and computers is affecting the way we perceive the world and how we interact. In addition many new developments, like cloning, challenge fundamental cultural beliefs and traditions. While Western nations have become relatively accustomed to technological change since the industrial revolution, developing nations are just beginning to grapple with the problems of the rapid introduction of industrial and scientific technologies. There is growing awareness of the consequences of the interaction between science, technology and culture. However, we are just beginning to understand how to reconcile the benefits of science and technology-such as higher standards of living, longer life spans, more leisure time, and improved communications-with the possibility of reshaping, many cultures and possibly redefining fundamental aspects of society. As science and technology continue to advance, the ways in which people communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge and attitudes toward individuals, as well as local, national, and international communities, will continue to undergo radical change. The continuing development of science and technology is not inherently bad. However, it has the potential to endanger our diversity and traditional knowledge. We must work together to determine how to preserve and foster our cultural heritages at the same time we embrace the future.

Fighting a War :: Personal Narrative Papers

Fighting a War I have never been to war. I hope I'll never go. There is nothing that I believe in enough to sacrifice my life. These are supposed to be days of idealism and youth, and I am blessed. I cannot care. I cannot fight. The only appealing little thing about violence is the potential for heroism, and I doubt I'll ever be a hero or save an innocent life from a burning building, stop a runaway train like so many bad movies. I can't see myself triumphing over this world. I can see myself climb out of the trench and nobly get mowed down by the bullets of a gattling gun. I let fly an arrow from my longbow. In the cockpit of a fighter plane, props twirling, I strafe Japanese ships and dodge innumerable Zeros. On a dusty hill I calculate the trajectory of an artillery shell and re-check my math. I slink through a dark jungle and blend in with the foliage, camouflaging my thoughts, a shadow amidst all the life. I can only see myself in war movies, not in actual wars. I have never been in an honest-to-god kill or be killed full on violent fight, much less a nationally sponsored war. Never defended my life or my honor, or someone else's; but I have taken and sadly given a beating. The closest I have ever been to war is a controlled skirmish with a friend, a fistfight for fun. No anger. One time, at his twenty-first birthday party, Frank and I gave up on docile lives and began to fight. Neither of us was born in Idaho. We never grew up together but we've both spent some time there. Our families moved, his east mine west, Hong Kong and Connecticut, so we're there for the summer and the winter. We know some of the same people, like the Peruvians and Adam Pracna and Jason Spicer, but we're three years too far apart. I'm younger, and we never hung out. We've got mutual friends and we've eaten at all the same places. Small town, not many places. We've both driven out the same canyons in a pickup with mud and girls, same girls? Who knows? There's a keg or two in the back kicking up dust up into it all and clouding up the sky, and we're throwing empty glass bottles shattering at trees and shadows and animals as we drive and sing.

The Philippine Health Care Delivery System

THE PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM HEALTH CARE SYSTEM * an organized plan of health services (Miller-Keane, 1987) HEALTH CARE DELIVERY * rendering health care services to the people (Williams-Tungpalan, 1981). HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM (Williams-Tungpalan, 1981) * the network of health facilities and personnel which carries out the task of rendering health care to the people. PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM * is a complex set of organizations interacting to provide an array of health services (Dizon, 1977). COMPONENTS OF THE HEALTH DELIVERY SYSTEM The Department of Health Mandate: The Department of Health shall be responsible for the following: formulation and development of national health policies, guidelines, standards and manual of operations for health services and programs; issuance of rules and regulations, licenses and accreditations; promulgation of national health standards, goals, priorities and indicators; development of special health programs and projects and advocacy for legislation on health policies and programs. The primary function of the Department of Health is the promotion, protection, preservation or restoration of the health of the people through the provision and delivery of health services and through the regulation and encouragement of providers of health goods and services (E. O. No. 119, Sec. 3). Vision: Health as a right. Health for All Filipinos by the year 2000 and Health in the Hands of the People by the year 2020. Mission: The mission of the DOH, in partnership with the people to ensure equity, quality and access to health care: * by making services available * by arousing community awareness * by mobilizing resources * by promoting the means to better health LEVELS OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES 1. PRIMARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES are the rural health units, their sub-centers, chest clinics, malaria eradication units, and schistosomiasis control units operated by the DOH; puericulture centers operated by League of Puericulture Centers; tuberculosis clinics and hospitals of the Philippine Tuberculosis Society; private clinics, clinics operated by the Philippine Medical Association; clinics operated by large industrial firms for their employees; community hospitals and health centers operated by the Philippine Medicare Care Commission and other health facilities operated by voluntary religious and civic groups (Williams-Tungpalan, 1981). . SECONDARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES * are the s maller, non-departmentalized hospitals including emergency and regional hospitals. * Services offered to patients with symptomatic stages of disease, which require moderately specialized knowledge and technical resources for adequate treatment. 3. TERTIARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES * are the highly technological and sophisticated services offered by medical centers and large hospitals. These are the specialized national hospitals. Services rendered at this level are for clients afflicted with diseases which seriously threaten their health and which require highly technical and specialized knowledge, facilities and personnel to treat effectively (Williams-Tungpalan, 1981) FACTORS ON THE VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF HEALTH WORKERS AMONG COUNTRIES AND COMMUNITIES 1. available health manpower resources 2. local health needs and problems 3. political and financial feasibility THREE LEVELS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE WORKERS A. VILLAGE OR GRASSROOT HEALTH WORKERS * first contacts of the community and initial links of health care. * Provide simple curative and preventive health care measures promoting healthy environment. * Participate in activities geared towards the improvement of the socio-economic level of the community like food production program. * Community health worker, volunteers or traditional birth attendants. B. INTERMEDIATE LEVEL HEALTH WORKERS * represent the first source of professional health care attends to health problems beyond the competence of village workers * provide support to front-line health workers in terms of supervision, training, supplies, and services. * Medical practitioners, nurses and midwives. C. FIRST LINE HOSPITAL PERSONNEL * provide back up health services for cases that require hospitalization * establish close contact with intermediate level health workers or village health workers. * Physicians with specialty, nurses, dentist, pharmacists, other health professional s. TWO-WAY REFERRAL SYSTEM (Niace, et. al. 8th edition 1995) A two-way referral system need to be established between each level of health facility e. g. barangay health workers refer cases to the rural health team, who in turn refer more serious cases to either the district hospital, then to the provincial, regional or the whole health care system. Public P Barangay Health OHealth Worker Nurse 2nd 3rd P H F H F U E A E A L Barangay RHU A C A C A Health Midwife Physician L I L I T Stations T L T L I H I H I O T T N RHS Sanitary Y Y Midwife Inspector MULTISECTORAL APPROACH TO HEALTH (NLGNI, 8th edition, 1995) The level of health of a community is largely the result of a combination of factors. Other health-related Systems (government/ private Ways of CommunityHealth Care The Health System People (Cultural) Environment (Social, Economic, physical, Etc. Health, therefore, cannot work in isolation. Neither can one sector or discipline claim monopoly to the solution of community health problems. Health has now become a multisectoral concern. For instance, it is unrealistic to expect a malnourished child to substantially gain in weight unless the family’s poverty is alleviated†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ In other words, improvement of social and economic conditions need to be attended to first or tackled hand in hand with health problems. 1. Intersectoral Linkages – Primary Health Care forms an integral part of the health system and the over-all social and economic development of the community. As such, it is necessary to unify health efforts within the health organization itself and with other sectors concerned. It implies the integration of health plans with the plan for the total community development. Sectors most closely related to health include those concerned with: a. Agricultural b. Education c. Public works d. Local governments e. Social Welfare f. Population Control g. Private Sectors The agricultural sector can contribute much to the social and economic upliftment of the people†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Demonstration to mothers of better techniques and procedures for food preparation and preservation can preserve the nutritive value of local foods. Through joint efforts, agricultural technology that produces side effects unsafe to health (for instance, insecticide poisoning) can be minimized or prevented. The school has long been recognized as an effective venue for transmission of basic knowledge to the community. Every pupil or student can be tapped for primary health care activities such as sanitation and food production activities†¦.. Construction of safe water supply facilities and better roads can be jointly undertaken by the community with public works. Community organization (e. g. establishing a barangay network for health) can be worked through the local government or community structure. Likewise, better housing through social welfare agencies, promotion of responsible parenthood through family planning services and increased employment through the private sectors can be joint undertakings for health†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦We have to recognize that oftentimes health actions undertaken outside the health sector can have health effects much greater than those possible within it. 2. Intrasectoral Linkages – In the health sector, the acceptance of primary health care necessitates the restructuring of the health system to broaden health coverage and make health service available to all. There is now a widely accepted pyramidal organization that provides levels of services starting with primary health and progressing to specialty care. Primary health care is the hub of the health system. A PYRAMIDAL HEALTH STRUCTURE Tertiary National Health Health Care Services Regional Health Services Secondary Health District Health Services Care Rural (Local Hospital) Services Rural Health Units Primary Barangay Health Stations Health Care THE NATIONAL HEALTH PLAN (Niace, et. al 8th edition 1995) The National Health Plan is the blue print which is followed by the Department of Health. It defines the country’s health problems, policy thrusts, strategies and targets. POLICY THRUSTS AND STRATEGIES There are policy thrusts and strategies which are commonly important. These are: 1. Information, education, and communication programs will be implemented to raise the awareness of the public, including policy makers, program planners and decision makers; 2. An update of the legislative agenda for health, nutrition and family planning (HNFP), and stronger advocacy for pending HNFP –related legislations will be pursued; 3. Integration of efforts in the health, nutrition and family planning sector to maximize resources in the delivery of services through the establishment of coordinative mechanisms at both the national and local levels; 4. Partnership between the public and the private sectors will be strengthen and institutionalized to effectively utilize and monitor private resources for the sector; 5. Enhancement of the status and role of women as program beneficiaries and program implementers will be pursued to enable them to substantially participate in the development process.

Case Study †American Chemical Corp

The past performance of ACC as seen from the financial statements for the period 1974-79 is characterized by a high degree of variability. The overall situation has been very good with profit to net asset ratio (average 54. 3%) going as high as 84. 2% and 90% in 1977 and 1978, before dropping to 66. 4% in 1979. Barring the year 1975, the ratio has also shown a consistently increasing trend. In absolute terms the operating profit has shown substantial increases between the years 1976 and 1978.Except for 1976, when the company’s performance ahs dipped as a result of general market conditions, the company has shown reasonably good growth in sales, both in terms of quantity and amount. Costs have been under control and in some cases have declined over the years. Hence the past performance of ACC has been good but has shown a high degree of variability. This indicates that although the company has been performing well, the risk associated with it is also high. 2. Competitive enviro nment of ACC at the timeIn 1979, there were a dozen companies producing sodium chlorate. Apart from large, diversified chemical companies, these also included a few paper and pulp companies that had backward integrated into production of sodium chlorate. The total existing capacity was 455,000 tons, and another 75,000 tons were being added by way of new plants being put up. Over the years, sales of sodium chlorate had increased 220,000 tons in 1970 to 435,000 tons in 1979 (expected figure), representing an increase of 97. 7%.Durng the same period capacity grew from 270,000 tons to 455,000 tons, representing an increase of 68. 5%. This lag in the increase in capacity, compared to the increase in sales, has augured well for the companies manufacturing this chemical, and resulted in substantial price increases from $129 per ton in 1970 to $413 in 1979. Thus the market and competitive environment were quite favorable to the manufacturers at this time. Rising costs were a matter of conce rn with the cost of electricity, one of the major inputs, registering steady increases over the years.This placed companies such as American that were using older technologies and graphite electrodes at a disadvantage compared to newer plants that used metal electrodes. 3. Beta for Collinsville plant and ACC The equity beta for ACC and Collinsville plant was 1. 20. This is the levered beta. In 1978, debt was 39% of the total capitalization, while common and preferred stock accounted for 69%. The debt-equity ratio was 0. 565. Hence, the unlevered beta was 1. 2/1. 565 = 0. 77. 4. Cost of equity for evaluating cash flows of Collinsville plant projectThe Collinsville plant of American Chemical Corporation is into production of Sodium Chlorate. It might not be possible to locate companies that produce only sodium chlorate, as companies that produce sodium chlorate are either manufacturers of other chemicals or of paper. Comparing the cost of equity with other chemical manufacturers might not necessarily be representative. The best course would therefore be to compare the cost of equity of the Collinsville plant with other manufacturers of Sodium Chlorate.Since all these manufacturers produce other products along with Sodium Chlorate, the values may not be exact fits, but should be representative enough to provide a basis for evaluation. The beta values and debt and equity position of some of these companies are shown below. Organization Beta (Levered) (a) Debt/Equity (b) Unlevered Beta (a)/(1+(b)) Pennwalt 1. 33 39/69 = 0. 565 0. 85 Kerr-McGee 1. 06 17/83 = 0. 205 0. 88 International Minerals & Chemicals 0. 81 33/67 = 0. 493 0. 54 Georgia-Pacific 1. 50 29/71 = 0. 408 1. 07 Brunswick Chemical 1.10 15/85 = 0. 176 0. 94 Southern Chemicals 1. 20 21/79 = 0. 266 0. 95 . Average (unlevered) beta of selected firms = 0. 87. Debt-Equity ratio for American Chemical = 39/61 = 0. 639 Equity beta to be assumed for Collinsville plant = 1. 639 x 0. 87 = 1. 43 Interest on long-term treasury bonds = 9. 5% (Risk free return is taken as 9%) Market Risk Premium = 7%. Cost of equity = 9 + 1. 43 x 7 = 19% 5. Cost of debt and WACC The bond rating of American Chemical Corporation is BBB/A. The market rate for long-term A corporate bonds is 10. 75%.Hence the interest rate for American Chemical’s bond should be slightly higher than this. The actual rate being paid by Dixon is 11. 25%, which appears to be appropriate. The rest of the loan financing is also done at the rate of 11. 25%. Hence the actual cost of debt capital for Dixon for the Collinsville plant = 11. 25%. Although the purchase of the Collinsville plant is to done entirely with debt capital, it would not be appropriate to treat the cost of capital for the plant as the same as cost of debt capital, because the capital structure of the company as a whole needs to be considered.Debt-to–total capital ratio after acquisition of Collinsville plant = 47% Hence WACC for the Collinsville plant = 0. 47 x 11. 25 + 0. 53 x 19 = 15. 4%, which may be rounded off to 15%. 6. Incremental cash flows associated with the acquisition of Collinsville plant without laminate technology Using the same assumptions made in the preparation of the pro forma financial statements by Dixon for the years 1980-1984 as the basis, projections for a further period of five years were made to obtain expected incomes for a period of ten years, which is the estimated life of the plant.The cash flow has been arrived at by adding back depreciation, which is a non-cash charge, to the net incomes to arrive at the cash flow each year. The results are shown in Table 1. 7. Incremental cash flows and NPV associated with investment in laminate technology Dixon will get the laminate technology as part of the agreement for sale of the Collinsville plant, and hence no extra cash flow will be involved for the acquisition of the technology. However, Dixon will have to bear the cost of installation, which will amount to $2. 2 5 million. This will be depreciated over a period of ten years.There will be a one time cash outflow of $2. 25 million at the beginning of the installation. As against this, there will be recurring benefits in the form of savings in graphite and power consumption over the life of the project, which is ten years. The incremental cash flow that will accrue on an annual basis will involve no cash outflow, as the incremental cash flow is in the form of pure savings. The savings will consist of complete elimination of graphite costs and a saving of 15-20% in power. Taking a conservative view, 15% power savings are considered for the cash flow projections, which are shown in Table 2 below.

Does Political Participation Challenge Democracy or Enhance It

Does Political Participation Challenge Democracy or Enhance It Introduction Democracy is probably one of the most complicated concepts to be understood in political science. On the one hand, it seems to be so easy to comprehend the main idea of democracy as the form of government that is controlled by the citizens.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Does Political Participation Challenge Democracy or Enhance It? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, such form of government has a number of components which have their own characteristics and peculiarities which are hard to define. Due to the Hudson’s idea that the citizen participation may have two faces, it is not always easy to define the impact of such participation on democracy in the USA. A certain control is required to enhance political participation and define its level by means of which it is possible to consider citizens’ opinions and promote the worth of government; in other words, political pa rticipation may enhance considerably American democracy in case this participation is properly organized in the forms of votes or Internet activities; however, current conditions undermine democracy a lot. Summary of the Author’s Ideas Hudson is one of the writers who creates a powerful system by means of which it is possible to evaluate the conditions under which American democracy may be organized. His American Democracy in Peril: Eight Challenges to America’s Future is a unique collection of professional ideas of what may challenge democracy and how this sphere of life may be improved. He introduces four theories of citizen participation and clearly describes an appropriate model for each. The role of people is huge indeed, and society should realize its impact on the development of the country. The author defines two sides of citizen participation: on the one hand, â€Å"fewer citizens seem interested in showing up to vote representatives into office†, and o n the other hand, â€Å"elected representatives are beleaguered with citizen activists monitoring every vote and ready with vociferous demands on every conceivable issue† (Hudson 144). The role of citizen participation in the system may be both decreased and increased under different theories given. For example, Hudson uses protective and pluralistic models of democracy under which citizen participation is passive, and society is too weak to protect its diversity, property, and liberty (Engel 46). However, the other two models, participatory and developmental, aim at involving citizens to the political sphere of life in order to prove social as well as economic equalities. Still, it does not matter for Hudson what model of democracy is used by society because each form is another serious challenge for people and for democracy. People are biased because of the encouraged trivialized elections, spreading radical individualism, and even inequality that is increased in the sphere of business.Advertising Looking for report on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Participation should provide citizens with more opportunities to improve their political rights and ideas; people may become more responsible for their activities. However, the author underlines that unfortunately â€Å"the character of American political participation undermines our democracy focuses not on who participates but on how participation is organized† (Hudson 160). Even citizen participation remains to be a serious challenge for American democracy under the current conditions. Argument: Does Participation Challenge or Enhance Democracy? According to Hudson, the relations between participation and democracy play an important role and should be organized properly basing on the theories. In the introductory part of the book, the author defines four main theories according to which citizen participation m ay be organized. Each theory has its own impact on politics, this is why it is necessary to pay certain attention to every aspect. Developmental type of democracy â€Å"takes much more positive view of people, especially people in democratic society† (Hudson 10). In other words, the peculiar feature of such model is that democracy here makes sense and has a purpose. Magstadt examines this model as â€Å"a kind of school for civic education and socialization† (103). Pluralistic democracy is one of the most recognizable models as it aims at defining social interests and their competition. There is a certain hierarchical order that is inherent to the economic elite, and such model defines the idea of non-participation as the only positive aspect to satisfy citizens with the offered political process. Protective democracy usually aims at protecting popular governmental control as the only reliable method to protect citizens’ liberty. The point is that citizens are f ree to perform passive roles in all political activities, still, they become active on the economic arena. Though this type of democracy is characterized by properly defined political rights as votes or protests, this model fails to focus on inequality that is spread in society. The essence of participatory model lies into the fact that political and social institutions may be improved by means of direct citizen participation. Democratic citizenship should be provided with freedom and opportunities to create a world the living conditions of which may be considered. Unfortunately, government is not able to control such model of democracy all the time, this is why such attitude to citizens’ rights is usually neglected or poorly organized. To create a properly working society, citizens should have a certain number of skills and a good level of knowledge. Political awareness is an important issue to be considered as citizens should understand the messages they send and receive (K uklinski 278). Unfortunately, not all American citizens are ready to study the required material to participate in different political activities and introduce new ideas of how the current living conditions may be improved.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Does Political Participation Challenge Democracy or Enhance It? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Of course, people may have their own opinions, still, they are not ready to find practical and legal application to their oral ideas and thoughts. This is why the only rational idea about the level of political participation in the USA should be connected to the protective democracy under which citizens’ ideas and rights are taken into consideration still require certain improvements and elaboration from a pure political point of view. It is seems to be rational to take some aspects of the two theories defined by Hudson in his work, protective and participative. In other words, political participation may enhance democracy in case citizens are provided with a number of opportunities and rights, still, their ideas and suggestions in the forms of votes, personal initiatives, and the Internet activities will be controlled by the government to protect human rights and not to create the situations which are legally hard to explain and introduce. Success of political participation is predetermined by the possibility to organize and maintain the control of human activities without neglecting human rights and initiatives. Conclusion William Hudson contributed considerably to the sphere of political science, and his idea to define citizen participation as one of the challenges to American democracy deserves recognition. In fact, political participation may enhance American democracy in a variety of ways in case a proper model is chosen and implemented to society. People are free to choose what kind of democracy they want to live in, still, they sho uld be also ready to improve personal understanding of the political terms and be promote ideas which have appropriate legal bases. Still, each person should ask one question to him/herself whether he/she is ready to learn more in order to take the step and be able to change the present and improve the future. Engel, Michael. The Struggle for Control of Public Education: Market Ideology vs. Democratic Values. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000. Hudson, William, E. American Democracy in Peril: Eight Challenges to America’s Future. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2006. Print.Advertising Looking for report on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kuklinski, James, H. Citizens and Politics: Perspectives from Political Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Magstadt, Thomas. M. Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2010.